Thursday, October 31, 2019

Automobile Centric Organizations Research Paper

Automobile Centric Organizations - Research Paper Example This paper will look at Daimler AG Corporation and the BMW group; two automobile centric organizations that operate in competition with each other, in complete detail with insight into the background of the company and its sectors and recent activities. Then, a full scale financial analysis by means of financial ratios will be conducted in order to analyze the most recent operating performance of both groups in contrast with each other. 'Daimler AG (formerly Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler AG) is a German car Corporation (not to be confused with the British Daimler Motor Company) and the world's thirteenth largest car manufacturer as well as the largest truck manufacturer in the world. In addition to automobiles, Daimler manufactures trucks and provides financial services through its Daimler Financial Services arm.The company also owns major stakes in aerospace group EADS, high-technology and parent company of the Vodafone McLaren Mercedes racing team McLaren Group, and Japanese tru ck maker Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation. Daimler produces cars and trucks under the brands of Mercedes-Benz, Maybach, Smart, Freightliner and many others.' (Daimler AG, 2009)'Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (info) (BMW), (English: Bavarian Motor Works) is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company. Founded in 1916, it is known for its performance and luxury vehicles. It owns and produces the MINI brand, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.' (BMW Group, 2009) In order to understand the complete picture that are depicted by the numerical financial ratios, it is critical to understand the key economic and business indicators that are essential for the operation of any organization in the business world: including the two under observation here. Key economic and business drivers Increasing demand trends International and local demand for cars is a main driver of the company's business and financial performance. Both organizations' diverse set of products and offerings is designed to provide more consistent results in both strong and weak economic environments. The company accomplishes this by not only having a mix of offerings with long-term cash and income streams, as well as cyclical transaction-based sales, but also by continually developing competitive products. In addition, both organizations continues to transform itself to take advantage of shifting demand trends, focusing on client- and industry-specific opportunities, and business performance. (Lev et al, 1979) Internal Business Transformation and International Integration Initiatives As indicated by their latest financial reports, control of costs and efficiency of management are the prime considerations for both these organizations at the current point in time and are committed towards the seamless transformation to an internationally integrated enterprise. The companies continue to drive greater productivity, flexibility and cost savings by transforming and globally integrating their own business processes and functions. This integration has improved their capacity to innovate by providing greater clarity of key priorities around shared goals and objectives and led to a sharper focus for the company on learning, development and knowledge sharing. (Lev et al, 1979) Investing in Growth Opportunities Both companies continue to significantly invest in growth opportunities as a way to drive revenue growth and market share gains. Daimler AG has announced that new capacities are to be created in Kecskemt, Hungary for the future expansion of the model range of premium compact cars. The first cars are to be assembled there in 2012 at this said facility. In addition, Daimler also became a key shareholder in Tognum in April, 2008. Daimler AG takes a 22.3% equity interest in Tognum AG. This acquisition is intended to secure long-term supply

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Health Service Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Service Administration - Essay Example The success of HSA can be determined from the fact that since January 2004, more than 3 million Americans have enrolled in HSA, which are helping make health insurance more affordable for not only for middle class individuals but also for those who are unable to afford quality health supervision. (Whitehouse) According to Longman, the role of economics in health care in Bush's era has allowed Americans to avoid frequent skipping from one health-care plan to the next, with all the discontinuities in care and record keeping and disincentives to preventative care that this entails. (Longman, Jan-Feb 2005) Economic Organization of managed care strategies offer ways to reduce some of the excesses, although not necessarily in consonance with measured health needs. Combining corporate organization with financial management, managed care has characterized a business model of medicine. What one can expect more from economical contribution that has reduced health needs in many cases and suffered through income loss that is usually shared between the patient and society Psychology has also contributed towards health administration while taking in consideration those matters that are influential and carry risk for development of disease. Research has shown that psychology has helped alleviate the effects of disorders in our community in many ways. For example, after conducting a detailed research on the patient's behaviour, it has developed various ways to stop smoking. One of the models of smoking developed with the help of psychology is the nicotine regulation model, which assess different patients accordingly. Psychology has helped developed models, which differs from the traditional theories by giving heavy emphasis to process that means, it focuses on the continual interactions among the variables active during behavioral episodes to prevent and control illness to the updating and transitions that occur over time. Psychological contribution also persists in models, which deals with changes in the representation of health threats from that of an acute to that of a chronic threat, and the need to revise procedures, outcome expectations, and outcome appraisals as a function of changes in the illness representation. (Baum et al, 2001, p. 56) Health belief variables, such as vulnerability and severity beliefs and the perceived costs and benefits of action, are beliefs at a moment. Neither these concepts nor those of intention, perceived norms, or attitudes suggest ways of engaging and changing individual health cognition. Psychological factors have contributed as taking the responsibility for identifying the differences between the health and psychological models, how to benefit a patient by combining these models as therapies and how to self-regulate health problems. The best example of psychological contribution to health is the specification of medical and public health authorities towards stopping smoking, using safety belts, reducing dietary fat, etc. Sociology Contribution in Health Care Contemporary sociology contribution can be acknowledged

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939

Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939 By the year 1939, peace in and among the countries of the world had lost next to all stability. Reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War include the actions of Adolf Hitler, the policy of appeasement, the vast number of problems caused by both the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties, the Nazi-Soviet pact, the failures of the League of Nations and maybe one of the problems in which many others were spawned: The Depression. In my opinion, the long term consequences of the peace treaties from 1919-1923 caused more problems, both social and economical, than they solved. In the 1920s the Germans called the Treaty of Versailles the Diktat, the dictated peace. They resented the loss of so much territory, the loss of resources, the unwanted foreign occupation of the Rhineland and Saar. They despised the guilt which put all responsibility of the war on to them, they resented the reparations they paid, they hated that Germany and Austria were forbidden to unite and (to Lord Clemenceaus delight) the Germans were required to limit their weapons and armed forces. Not only, but other treaties also cut off other groups of German-speaking peoples such as the creation of Czechoslovakia with its inclusion of the Sudetenland Germans. It is to my belief that the resentment against these treaties was exploited by people like Adolf Hitler who, by appealing to this standing sense of national outrage, moved up the political ranks quickly and gained influence amongst the people of Germany. Hitlers beliefs and plans to build a better and stronger Germany were not secretive; they were laid in his book Mein Kampf released in 1924. This book outlined his plans in which consisted to abolish the treaty of Versailles, to develop a master race (known as the Aryan race), to expand German territory by re-uniting with Austria and carve his Empire out of Eastern Europe. He accused Communists of helping to bring the defeat of Germany in WWI; he thus wanted to defeat them. The League of Nations failed countless times throughout the 1930s. However there were only really two main consequences which affected the outbreak of the Second World War. Most important was its ineffectiveness to put a stop to Hitlers actions. In fact it is thought that the league encouraged leaders like Hitler to be bolder. This can be seen in the remilitarisation of the Rhineland, were Hitler took advantage of world attention to break a term of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler orders when entering the Rhineland were to pull out immediately if anyone opposed them. Hitler was risking a lot by moving his troops into the Rhineland, in my opinion his gamble paid off. The second consequence in which I deem, the League of Nations fault is the disillusion of its power. Once countries had started to lose their faith in the League they started to comprise their own policies of appeasement, for example in 1935 Germany and Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval agreement in which allowed Germ any to rebuild its army. Another example could be the Hoare-Laval pact, (The Hoare-Laval Pact was a proposal by British Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare and French Prime Minister Pierre Laval for ending the Italo-Abyssinian War. Italy had wanted to take Abyssinia as part of its empire and also to avenge previous defeats in the region. The Pact offered two-thirds of Abyssinia to Italy and thus achieve Italian dictator Benito Mussolinis goal of making the independent nation of Abyssinia into an Italian colony.) Once this agreement uncovered by the French press both Hoare and Laval were sacked, however the damage had already been done, the League was portrayed as weak, Italy continued to invade Abyssinia. Britains policy of appeasement aimed to prevent aggressors from starting wars by finding out what they really wanted and then agreeing to those demands which seemed reasonable, both Britain and France for most of the 1930s where neither willing to risk another war with an aggressive power. The British Government was overwhelmed with national problems (including large debts, a huge population of the unemployed) they believed that their armed forces were out dated and not ready for a War against Hitler. They knew that if they went to war the USA would not support them. In addition most politicians thought it was in Britains interest to avoid becoming entangled in Europes affairs again. Most British people supported the policy of appeasement. Winston Churchill was one of the few politicians to speak out against it. On the other hand the constant appeasement of Hitlers demands persuaded him to become more aggressive not to mention that if Germany was allowed to become such a European sta te it would soon become a major threat to both the British and French empire. August 1939, the Nazi-Soviet pact was signed. This came as a surprise agreement between two arched enemies. Stalin had joined the League of Nations in 1934 so as to win allies against the threat from anti-communist Hitler so for them to be signing a pact in which secretly agreed that, once Poland was overrun, the two powers would divide it between them. Thus the USSR would regain land lost to Poland in 1921. There is no doubt that the Great Depression helped to bring the war, I do not think it was a critical factor but contributed greatly. I think its one of the underlying reasons for many of the actions people and organisations had made that caused the war. For example the mass unemployment (In Germany, Britain and France), the poverty (e.g. Japan silk workers) caused great anger in these societies. This led to dictatorial governments who told them their country was superior and it was OK for them to take what they wanted by force. It was the kind of thing they wanted to hear in their circumstances. It is not surprising that 25 countries became dictatorships from 1929-1939. Not to mention the USA calling in her loans to Germany. This contributed to the collapse of Germany industry which led directly to Hitlers rise to power. It was in the interest for Political leaders at the time to compose aggressive and nationalistic foreign policies to direct peoples hatred to over countries rather than to their own government. At this time it was in the interest for many countries to build an Empire as this would secure their supplies of raw materials and natural resources. The Great Depression is what I believe to be the underlying reason for many causes of WWII. I think that essentially Hitlers decision to invade Poland is what triggered both Britain and France to declare war; however the events that took place that led to this decision all revolved around The Great Depression.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Environmental Engineering :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Engineering is defined as the science based profession by which the physical forces of nature and the properties of matter are made useful to mankind in the form of structures, machines, and other products or processes at a reasonable cost of money and time. An engineer is a person trained or skilled in designing and planning the performance of such equipment as machines and structures and in supervising their performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An Environmental (or sanitary) Engineer is concerned with the water and sewage treatment as well as the resi- dential and industrial wastes. Environmental engineers are trained in preventing, evaluating, and solving environmental problems. To be successful, environmental engineers must combine technical knowledge with effective communication skills in day-to-day work and be able to communicate effictively with people of all types if they are to succeed in solving all of the problems facing them. The protection of rivers and lakes is part of their responsibility. In this profession, a know- ledge of chemistry and biology must be added to the engineering base. There are many different jobs that the enviorn- mental engineers have to do. First, there is Water Quality. Protecting the quality of water required for human use and environmental protection is an important role for environmental engineers. Increasingly severe quality standards for drink- ing water, wastewater, pollutant, and groundwater require engineers and scientists trained in the theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment. In addition, environmental engineers must be able to predict the fate of contaminants in multimedia enironments in order to measure the effects of pollution on humans and ecosystems. Water quality engineering involves the application of environmental chemistry, microbiology and physics together with modeling and process engin- eering to address these areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, there is Hazardous Waste Managment. Many industrial societies produce and dispose of significant amounts of hazardous materials. In sufficient treatment, storage and disposal have resulted in many uncontrolled contami- nant releases to the environment. Innovative engineering solutions are needed for liquid, gaseous and solid hazardous waste streams as well as for contaminated site remediation. It is the job of environmental engineers to understand and solve these waste problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third, there is Air Quality. Air pollution is a big problem in society today. Environmental engineers solve air pol- lution problems across a range of scales, with particular focus on indoor environments and urban air basins. They also have to understand the physical and chemical processes that determine the concentrations, fates, and effects of air pollutants; they

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Aims and Objectives for a Selected Business Essay

†¢Describe what is meant by SMART objectives. An objective that follows SMART is more likely to succeed because it is clear (specific) so you know exactly what needs to be achieved. You can tell when it has been achieved (measurable) because you have a way to measure completion. A SMART objective is likely to happen because it is an event that is achievable. Before setting a SMART objective relevant factors such as resources and time were taken into account to ensure that it is realistic. Finally the timescale element provides a deadline which helps people focus on the tasks required to achieve the objective. The timescale element stops people postponing task completion. †¢Choose a business and describe its aim and 3 SMART objectives for how they can achieve their aim. TESCO: oTesco want to be able to keep their carbon emissions down by making new buildings, they also want to make their business objects which have to follow this method Specific – this means that the business can make some specific objectives that the business wants to achieve, so if they want to hit a certain target of profit within a year they have to make a business plan or model to follow to achieve their goal. oMeasurable – this means that if a business wants to make some money, they can measure it in a certain amount of time, so if a business can make  £1000 pound in a month, then maybe next month they could forecast making an increase of that amount by studying the business activities throughout that month. Achievable – this means that a goal that the business can achieve with in a time period, so if a business wants to make  £1000 pound of profit in a month, then they could make it happen with the products that they might have to sell. oRealistic – this means that a business has to make realistic goals which that they can achieve, so things like making  £1,500 pounds in a week, this is a realistic goal because it could be made depending on the sales in the that week. oTime related – this means that each objective is set with in certain time, so it is like a dead line, if a business sets out to make and sell 5 computers in two weeks, then they now have time to create the product and then sell it within the time set.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Existential therapy focuses

Julia is a 43-year old woman who claims that she never experienced the feeling of happiness. She said that there are certain times when she had been feeling that her life is progressing well as compared to other times; however she had never remembered feeling any sense of joy in her entire life. Julia said that most of the time she had always been pessimistic on everything new. She had never really believed that there was a man who is right for her and, apparently, due to this notion, she had remained single. It is really difficult for her to express amusement and Julia claims that she does not have the sense of humor.Often, she sighs she always has the sentiment of carrying on her shoulders the weight of the world. Julia’s has actually been diagnosed with a chronic weight problem. She has always been on a diet; however, her weight has kept going up and down the scale. She says she has a great need for sleep; however, at most times she experiences insomnia and walks around all day feeling tired. Julia perceives that the blame for this is on her energy and its chronically low level. She has always stressed up with what could have been rather simple decisions.She claims that she loathed her being indecisive. There are people who accused her of devoting 50% of her day with disagreements toward herself. Tracing back to her high school days during her junior year, the guidance counselor advised her to work on her very low self-esteem. At her age right now, Julia feels that it is too late to change, and she had already accepted the fact that she will forever stay unfulfilled and unhappy. Julia is reported to have been suffering from a mild and long-lasting form of depression classified as dysthymia.This type of depression is also considered as a minor type of depression that is characterized by its long-term effects. With this, people often suffer all throughout their lifetimes. Dysthymia is in general identified in people who have experiences of its symptoms every day within two years and without greater than two months span of having no symptoms. In adolescents and children, the principal symptom is dissimilar in comparison with the symptoms experienced by the adults. The adults initially experience extreme sadness, while adolescents and children habitually manifest defiance and irritability.The children usually tend to become inferior in school specifically during the stage of depression. Aside from the feeling of being depressed, the major symptoms should be prevalent in order to diagnose dysthymia which is overeating or poor appetite, oversleeping or problems sleeping, low self-esteem, low energy, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness and difficulty in making decisions (Williams, Barrett & Oxman, 2004). The depression known as dysthymia has been known to affect two to three women for every man, and is perceived to be instigated during childhood and adolescence stages.If this is left untreated, the dysthymia will generally car ry on throughout the life of a person. People who are diagnosed to have dysthymia frequently have other associated disorders like a personality disorder, anxiety disorder or phobia (Williams, Barrett &Oxman, 2004). One of the most widespread psychological problems is depression; it affects almost everybody in the course of the depression of a family member or personal experience. Every year more than 17 million adults in the US experience a phase of clinical depression. The cost of human suffering is unable to estimate.It can cause interference with the normal performance or functioning, and normally roots problems with family and social adjustment and with work as well. It can cause extreme suffering and pain not only to those directly affected by the disorder, but as well as those who are concerned with their health and welfare. Moreso, serious depression can actually destroy the life of a family and the entire life of the person suffering from depression (Williams, Barrett &Oxman , 2004). Depression has tremendous impact including extreme emotional pain; as it disrupts the millions lives of people, it unfavorably affects the lives of friends and families.Likewise, it reduces the absenteeism and productivity of the individual at work and has considerably negative encompassing impact on the economy as well. Depression is considered a psychological condition which changes how a person feels and thinks and it also affects the person’s sense of physical well-being and social behavior. People have all felt sadness at certain points of time; however that is not considered depression. There are times that people have been feeling tired from working too hard or are easily discouraged when facing very serious and complicated problems.Such situations are not also considered as depression. These kinds of feelings normally pass within a period of few days or a matter of weeks, by the time the people have become adjusted to the stress. However, if such feelings see m to be present, and have intensified and have began to cause interferences in school, family responsibilities or at work then this can be considered as depression. The reality lies that depression can affect almost anyone, having been identified, majority of the people diagnosed with the psychological problem of depression have been successful with their treatments.Unluckily, depression is usually not diagnosed, for the reason that many of its symptoms imitate physical illness, like appetite disturbances and sleep. The recognition of depression is the initial step towards treatment (Williams, Barrett &Oxman, 2004). The type of depression the client is suffering is the dysthymic disorder which is characterized by chronic depression, except that it has a lesser amount of severity compared with a major depression. The crucial indication for dysthymic disorder is an approximately every day depressed disposition for at least two years, although lacking the needed criteria for the type o f major depression.Sleep, disturbances in appetite, low self-esteem and low energy, are more often than not a part of the medical representation as well. People who have been diagnosed with dysthymic disorder will frequently claim that they do not remember not having the feeling of depression; however they may be reasonably efficient in the aspect of managing their lives, even though the indications are harsh enough to root interference and distress in their important role responsibilities in life.It is imperative to have an absolute material to overcome any physical illnesses that could possibly be causing the state of depression. In addition, if the affected person has a chronic medical condition which seems to be the major cause of the depression subsequently the accurate conclusion may be a mood disorder because of a serious medical condition, despite of meeting the criteria of a dysthymic disorder. The argument lies as to whether the condition is the root of depression instead of creating a distress which is chronically psychological in nature that has been the cause of depression.Regardless of the long term background of dysthymic disorder, the aid of psychotherapy is helpful in order to reduce the indications of depression, and can assist the person in organizing their life more. There are people affected with dysthymic disorder who are able to respond well enough to medication with the use of antidepressants, aside from psychotherapy, an evaluation for the chosen medication is considered ideal as well, moreover consulting a psychologist is also needed (Adler, Irish & McLaughlin, 2004). There are many ways in order to identify dysthymic disorder.It is greatly associated with the changes in feeling, thinking, physical well-being and behavior. In terms of changes in feelings, a lot of people feel sad for no reason at all. Some have reported that they are not enjoying things that most people enjoy. They are lacking of motivation and are on the run of getti ng indifferent. They usually are tired and have the feeling of slowing down. They are also irritable and are experiencing difficulty in controlling their temper, eventually it can lead to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness (Franklin, 1999).In terms of the changes in thinking majority of the people are experiencing extreme difficulty in decision making and concentration. There are also affected individuals who have been reported to be suffering with problems in terms of forgetting a lot of things most of the time and having short term memory. Thinking and thoughts of negativity are the major attributes of depression. Poor self-esteem, pessimism, self-criticism and excessive guilt are very much common and for some people affected with more serious type of depression usually have very self-destructive thoughts (Franklin, 1999).In terms of physical well-being, during depression, there are negative emotional feelings which are most of the time associated with negative physical emo tions. Despite getting more sleep, chronic fatigue is also common. Most of the people have the difficulty to have normal and sound sleep, they usually stay awake for very long hours or are awaken from time to time, for some, and they sleep for longer hours, even much longer than usual and they still feel very tired.Most of them have also loss their appetite, they complain a lot on many pains and aches and they usually feel slowed because of the depression which they have been experiencing (Franklin, 1999). When it comes to behavior, the affected people feel more apathetic, simply because that is how they are feeling. They are also uncomfortable with the presence of other people and they have the tendency to withdraw themselves from society. They either eat more or eat less as a result of changes in appetite.They also cry excessively due to chronic sadness. Oddly enough, they complain about anything and they usually manifest outbursts of temper and anger. On the extreme aspect, affec ted people usually display negligence on how they look and much worst is neglecting their hygiene and personal care. They also tend to lose their sexual desires which leads to lack of sexual activities. As gees, a person suffering from depression is not doing much work, and what suffer are their household responsibilities and work productivity (Franklin, 1999).Based on the object relations theory, depression is due to problems which people have in terms of developing the representations of healthy and sound relationships. It is an outcome of a constant fight which people who are depressed bear for them to try and sustain their emotional contact with their desired things. There are two types that such process can follow the introjective and anaclitic patterns. Although these terms are presently not used in the DSM, there are therapists which tend to associate them with various types of depression.Using the Adlerian Therapy as a mode of growth, it emphasizes an optimistic human nature view and that people have the control on their own fate. People begin at a tender age in fashioning their very own distinct lifestyle and such style remains reasonably unvarying all the way through their lives. People are motivated in terms of formulating and setting their goals and how to deal the tasks and social interests in life. The therapist in this approach needs to compile the family history as much as they can, with these data, they can help the client to set goals and have the idea of the past performances of the client.This will help to challenge and encourage the clients. The focus of the therapist are to examine their lifestyles and the therapist will do his or her part to form a mutual trust and respect, together with the client, they will set goals and encouragement to help the client to reach the goal and the therapist can eventually give recommendations or suggestions as to how the client can achieve the goals (Psyweb. com, 2008). Carl Jung, on the other hand, thou ght that there is no therapist who can lead his clients further than he had gone himself.There is no such therapist who will be able to help a depressed people on the inner selves except they are incessantly struggling with their own cataleptic substance. The premise of the wounded healer is eternally valid and universal. It is archetypical. The thoughts and images which are emotionally charged have universal meanings. Existential therapy focuses on the freedom of choice in the endeavor to shape a person’s life. It teaches one to be accountable in shaping his or her own life and also involves the need for self-awareness and determination.The individuality of each person shapes his or her own genuine personality which begins from the infancy stage. Existential therapy is focused on both the present and future. The therapist in this case guides and helps the client to realize the many possibilities which are in store for him in the future. The therapist will impose a challenge to the client for them to recognize that they are responsible in what transpires within their lives. This kind of therapy is very much suitable in helping clients make good dealings and wise choices in their lives (Psyweb.com, 2008). Gestalt therapy facilitates the integration of the mind and body factors, by means of stressing integration and awareness. The main goal of the gestalt therapy is the integration of thinking, behaving and feelings. The client is viewed as having the capability to be aware of how their earlier life influences may have been the factors which changed their lives. The client is guided to be aware of their responsibility in their own selves, to finish unfinished matters, how to avoid problems, in the awareness of now and to experience things in a positive light.The therapist will take the role of helping their client to discover the awareness of each of the moments they experience in their life. They will challenge the client to gain the acceptance of their responsibilities in terms of taking care of themselves instead of relying to others. In this approach, the therapist can utilize confrontation, dialogues with polarities, or role playing to reach their set goals or by means of dream analysis. As such can improve treatment like marital or family therapy, crisis intervention, training, psychopathic disorders or children behavior problems (Psyweb.com, 2008). Rational-emotive therapy is a well action-oriented approach which deals with the moral and cognitive state of the client. This kind of therapy emphasizes the ability of the client in terms of changing and thinking on their own. The therapist in the rational-emotive approach strongly believes that people are brought to the world, endowed with the ability if thinking rationally, but can as well become a victim of thinking irrationally. The therapist emphasizes the ability of the clients to think, take action and make sound judgments.Through which, the therapist will make use of direc t therapy and it is also believed that irrational thinking and irrational behavior results to neurosis. Both the cognitive-behavioral and rational-emotive therapist perceives the problems of the clients are due to their childhood as well as their belief system, which was honed during the childhood phase. The therapy will consist of methods which involve dealing and solving behavior and emotional problems. The therapist will also help the client to eradicate their self-defeating outlooks and to teach them to rationally view their life (Psyweb.com, 2008). Most of the time, antidepressant medication is very much recommended for the depression of dysthymia. For client Julia in this case study, the approach of psychotherapy is the primary step to treatment. Initially, supportive counseling will help the affected person to ease the pain and therefore the feelings of hopelessness can be addressed. Next, cognitive therapy will be utilized to alter the unrealistic expectations, pessimistic i deas and critical evaluations that result to depression.It can help the depressed person to distinguish their problems as minor or critical, and such can help them accept life (HealthPlace. com, 2000). Then the therapy of problem solving follows to address the client’s problems and later on use the behavioral therapy to help the client develop the skills of coping and to resolve their conflicts with their relationships, thus can be effective for the treatment of dysthymic disorder of depression. References Adler DA, Irish J & McLaughlin TJ. (2004). The work impact of dysthymia in a primary care population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Franklin, D.(1999). What is Depressive Disorder. Retrieved June 9, 2008 from http://www. psychologyinfo. com/depression/description. html. HealthPlace. com. (2000). Dysthymia (Minor Depression). Retrieved June 9, 2008 from http://www. healthyplace. com/communities/depression/dysthymia. asp. Psyweb. com. (2008). Psychotherapy. Retrieved June 9, 2008 from http://psyweb. com/Mdisord/MdisordADV/AdvPsych. jsp#Rational-emotive%20Therapy. Williams JW Jr, Barrett J, & Oxman T. (2000). Treatment of dysthymia and minor depression in primary care: A randomized controlled trial in older adults. JAMA.